Uterine cavity assessment prior to in vitro fertilization: comparison of transvaginal scanning, saline contrast hysterosonography and hysteroscopy.

A total of 44 patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) and requiring uterine cavity assessment agreed to have both saline contrast hysterosonography (SCHS) and hysteroscopy. SCHS was performed following a baseline transvaginal scan by injection of saline into the uterine cavity during continuous scanning. Hysteroscopy was performed with a flexible fiberscope with a 3.6-mm outer diameter; 38 of 44 women (86%) underwent both procedures. Hysteroscopy diagnosed intrauterine abnormalities in 16 women. SCHS was in complete agreement in 13 of 16 cases. As a screening test for any cavity abnormality, SCHS had a 87.5% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value and 91.6% negative predictive value. In 14 women, an abnormal uterine cavity was apparent on transvaginal scanning (TVS). However, TVS, unlike SCHS, could not (1) confidently diagnose submucosal fibroids in the presence of a uterus with multiple fibroids; (2) distinguish between a hyperplastic endometrium and a large polyp; or (3) differentiate between an arcuate and a septate uterus. In addition, ovarian pathology was diagnosed on TVS in five women: endometrioma (n = 1), complex cysts (n = 2) and polycystic ovaries (n = 2). SCHS is a simple, accurate, well-tolerated procedure that can be performed within a fertility unit, avoiding invasive and expensive diagnostic hysteroscopy. Significant findings can be treated by operative hysteroscopy prior to commencing an IVF treatment cycle.