Novel therapies for familial hypercholesterolemia

Purpose of review Familial hypercholesterolemia is a genetic disorder of defective clearance and subsequent increase in serum LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) with a resultant increased risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Despite treatment with traditional lipid-lowering therapies (LLT), most patients with familial hypercholesterolemia are unable to achieve target LDL-C. We review current and future novel therapeutic options available for familial hypercholesterolemia. Recent findings The use of proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors are effective in lowering LDL-C in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia, with a reduction in LDL-C of 60% in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) and up to 35% in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH). Inclisiran, another novel agent, is a small-interfering ribonucleic acid that reduces hepatic production of PCSK9 to provide a prolonged and sustained reduction in LDL-C of nearly 50% in HeFH. However, both agents require LDL receptor (LDLR) activity. Evinacumab, a novel monoclonal antibody against angiopoetin-like 3 (ANGPTL3), reduces LDL-C by 50% independent of LDLR activity. Summary Achieving a target LDL-C in familial hypercholesterolemia can be challenging with standard LLT; however, novel therapeutic modalities show remarkable reductions in LDL-C allowing nearly all patients with HeFH and a significant proportion of patients with HoFH to achieve acceptable LDL-C levels.