: Soluble forms of the coinhibitory receptors programmed death 1 (PD-1) and Tim-3 exist, but their relationship with T-cell surface expression remains unclear. When measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in plasma, soluble PD-1, and soluble Tim-3 were elevated during primary HIV infection, decreased on antiretroviral therapy to levels found in controls, and correlated with cell surface expression. We conclude that soluble PD-1 and soluble Tim-3 are easy to measure biomarkers of immune exhaustion which potentially eliminate the need for flow cytometry.
Journal article
2019-06-01T00:00:00+00:00
33
1253 - 1256
3
Adult, Aged, Biomarkers, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, HIV Infections, Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Plasma, Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor